Germany s Second World War II - 1405 Words

Germany’s Possible Victory in World War 2 It is known fact that on September 1, 1939, Adolf Hitler led Germany to invade Poland so starting the Second World War. It is also accepted knowledge that he committed suicide at the end of April, 1945 ending the European conflict. Some say that his defeat was imminent while others say that the Nazi’s could have very easily won. Through years of book reading and History channel documentary viewing, I have come up with the conclusion to side with the latter group of people. While there are many points and events that if changed could have made an impact on the war, I will focus on the Germans lack of jet aircraft in the late war period as well as the absence of heavy four engine bombers at the†¦show more content†¦After some time on the drawing boards, two designs were released by the Dornier and Junkers companies. Both aircraft met the prescribed specifications and testing was immediately ordered for prototype varia nts of each. Unfortunately for the Germans, General Walther Wever died in a freak air crash in 1936 and officers in the Luftwaffe canceled the project in favor of light dive bombers like the stuka; this decision left to a hole in the Luftwaffe for the approaching war. The heavy bomber was a sound idea though; during the same time, aviation enthusiast Billy Mitchell in America was also calling for a heavy bomber forces to be incorporated into the air corps. It was through Billy Mitchell’s demonstrations in the 20’s that the Army Air Force requested the Boeing company to produce a 4 engine bomber with the designation YB-17. This design later became the B-17’s that would come to eventually bomb Germany into submission. Without a big bomber during the war, Germany missed out on many potential victories. For example: during the Battle of Britain, standard medium bombers were unable to destroy Britain sufficiently to force surrender, but with heavy bombers this co uld have been possible. This would have led to a complete victory in the west and would have allowed Hitler to turn completely to the Soviet Union. Without Britain as a base, America would have not been able to invade the continent of Europe like it did and without Britain; America would

Outline Of Clinton Policy On Health Care - 1098 Words

Summary of Clinton Policy Health Care is a topic which most Americans certainly have much concern over. Hillary Clinton herself has said that healthcare is the most important cause of her life (Clinton). This is reflected in her past and in commitment to healthcare policy should be the next president of the United States. She has spent her career working towards the expansion of Healthcare so that all families will have access to affordable and fair health insurance. One major part of her health care policy is that she seeks to improve rather than remove the Affordable Care Act (Clinton). The ACA has given many people the chance to have insurance, especially those who would have never had a chance due to preexisting conditions. It has also allowed parents to keep their children on their insurance up to age 26. Clinton recognizes the importance of the ACA, but she also sees rising costs that make it very difficult for many Americans to afford insurance. To combat rising costs, Clinton wants to increase tax credits and get insurance companies to seek enrollment more intensely which would lower costs in regards to the ACA (Clinton). Another big part of Hillary Clinton’s healthcare policy is making sure that all Americans have better affordability. Clinton recognizes that prescription costs, deductibles, and copays are all massively increasing (Clinton). One of her first acts would be to relieve heavy health cost burdens by offering a refundable tax credit of five thousandShow MoreRelatedThe 42Nd President Of The United States, William (Bill)1084 Words   |  5 PagesJefferson Clinton, had many great ideas. He was President between 1993 and 2001. Shortly after winning the election in 1992, he came up with the Health Security Act. It was meant to cover a wide variety of healthcare issues including giving benefits to all American citizens. It was so in depth that it would have affected every aspect of healthcare. Why did it fail? 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Entrepreneurship - Innovation and Technology Management

Questions: 1. What you have found the most interesting aspect of the course. 2. How your thinking about the course developed as you went through the semester. 3. Now that you have finished the work, what part of the process would you say you enjoyed the most - and why? 4. Were there any surprises along the way? 5. How will this course contribute to your understanding of organisations? Answers: 1. The course was interesting because it gave me the opportunity to assimilate new technique and skills that I can implement in my future profession. The most interesting thing that I learned is importance of knowledge in an organization. It can be in explicit or in tacit form. 2. The course demonstrated broadly about the lesson plan. First few weeks were purely instructional, after that the professors aligned the instructional activities with assessments. No assessment was taken in first few weeks as critical thinking in a particular way needs experience and profound knowledge. 3. In my course I had to work with my research team and this gave me the opportunity to get acquainted with people from different walks. We had to have discussions regarding our research works which used often end up in debates which I really enjoyed while perpetrating my research. 4. For me the course was substantial but challenging at times. In the 7th week of my course we had to do background research of an organization and had to propose an effective plan for it. In that process I was surprised to learn that psychographics is a really useful tool for business organization. 5. The course has largely helped in understanding an organization. The people working under an organization are greatly influenced by the leadership. I have developed better understanding about the necessity of workforce planning and financial planning in an organization. Knowledge management is also very important as protecting and securing customer information defines the foundation of an organization.

Leadership Theories for Transnational and Trait - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Theories for Transnational and Trait. Answer: Leadership is a dynamic aspect of human life due to changing needs and demands that emanate among people. It therefore implies that leadership types, styles and methods are always evolving as a response to these forces. However, most in particular is the influence of human behavior in ensuring that these changes are part of the leadership model that is adopted in any social, political or economic set up. In light of this, charismatic leadership stands at the center of any societal pressure that leads to the birth of any system in play. As aforementioned, styles, behaviors, creativity and most of all traits will inform the degree that the change can be expected with respect to the leadership theories. Based on this, the essay will identify and discuss the areas that have to be developed in order to become an effective leader at work. The paper will draw scores of academic material with particular interest in the leadership theories such as transformational, transactional, behavioral, trait, great man and contingency in order to provide a credible viewpoint. Assertiveness and the need to be a good communicator is vital in development of a leader. Primarily, an effective leader is one who is able to put across the message to the followers particularly during the hour of need. Such a person is able to command a lot of respect among the followers. Most importantly is his/her dedication to put his people ahead and beyond any personal fulfillment. Furthermore, fulfillment comes from having to serve his people. When leaders are able to make decisions and stick with them for better and for worse, it also improves their image across their followers (Odumeru Sickerel, 2015). More so, it gives them more confidence to handle more challenging ventures. Assertiveness is particulalrly related to the leadership trait that is championed by the trait theory. According to this theory, leaders can be differentauted from non-leaders through sieving through the inherent characteristics that associates them with responsibility. That is bearing the burden of the people that they are leading. In other words, effective leaders are generally thought to carry similar characteristics that will perhaps determine if they can pull through the murky leadership waters. They share a common personality. Moreover, leaders have to change the traits that are proposed by these theory as associated with leadership in order to develop as better leaders both in the present and the future. Here, leadership is innate and such instinctive qualities will provide them with more stable ground to wield their power to their diverse followers. One cannot acquire such traits or rather change them if they do not show any indications that they are nailed to grow into able leaders. It is therefore important to change these traits to be an effective leader or rather realize a rather a big scale of their acquisition. Essentially, good decision making skills, assertiveness as mentioned before, integrity, empathy and likability have to be factored in the question for any level of effective leadership to be developed otherwise nothing much can be achieved (Avolino, Walumbwa . Such traits are vital for leading others. In essence, traits are external behaviors that usually emerge from a diverse range of things going on within the minds of human beings. It is therefore these internal beliefs and processes that are significant for development of an effective leadership as well. Development of leadership requires leaders to forge cooperation and have involvement of a diverse group of individuals who can act as agents to spread the message to the larger area. Leaders can only be developed if they are listened. Having teams involved in their message delivery mainly plays the role of appealing for support and acceptance. This calls for a change in the behavior of the leaders. As a result, behavioral theory emerges from the necessity to have people change in order to harness the best ways that leaders have to act (Kibbe 2015)... Based on this theory, leadership can be developed from any individual who is willing to make a big change in their present behavior. Behaving in a certain way will propel one to be a good leader while on the flipside, certain behavior will also lead to failure (. From the manner in which leaders behave, a number of leadership styles will emerge. For instance autocratic leaders who will often make decisions without consulting anybody. How ever, the importance of this leadership style can be handy when decisions have to be made rather quickly and so there is no need for input because it will make no big difference (Cummings et al 2010). Another important outcrop of behavioral change as reflected by the behavioral theory of leadership is the democratic leadership. In this case, the degree of input actually varies from one leader to another. It is also important when the decision that has to be made has to maintain a larger input (De Vries, 2010). Development of leadership must therefore involve managers recognizing the importance of their subordinates as well as their fellow seniors. One aspect that has to be developed is dynamism which influences the manner in which leaders have to respond to the urgent needs. Prioritization is a key factor in leadership being up to the task. In other words, situational awareness has to be reinforced for development of effective leadership in particular. Contingency leadership theory comes in handy for development of a leader who recognizes the importance of situations and the need to have periodization when things crop up. Such leadership is actually vital in certain circumstances (Mallrat 2010). For a better leader, questions that relate to the need to be either task oriented or rather people-oriented should always crop from time to time. However, there is need to have a leader who is able to espouse all of them (Margaret, 2017). This will mean that recognizing how one situation affects another and in turn the effect it will have on the leadership itself. Leadership must always have an input of integrity and a robust inspiration for the future. The vision to have a better future will always form the basis upon which the tenets of proper leadership can be pinned. Such an approach indicates a transformative theory of leadership. In other words, it tries to bridge the gap between the existing leadership and the need to have a better tomorrow best on the events of the previous day. It should then motivate people to achieve the best vision for the future by proper management of delivery process and lead to building of a proper and a prosperous teams. Primarily, in order to develop an effective and leadership that touches the needs of the people, it must be able to overhaul its style. In other words, it is important to be adaptive. This means numerous situations are able to fit into the different approaches can be instituted. Adaptive leadership has to be a vital component. Leadership must be based on the intrigue, control and compromise indicating a closer look at the transactional leadership theory. While ensuring that control of the people in organization is compulsory, leaders have to apt with the cost-benefit orientation. When costs and benefits are clear enough which then calls on for conformity to the expectations. For instance, managers in the organizations will be keen to have compromise being arranged in order to have their end of the deal being taken care of soon enough. Furthermore, having a more cost-benefit orientation towards leadership implies that leaders are able to concentrate more on the rewarding effort appropriately which eventually creates behavioral conformation. While transformative leadership is bent on having changes on the status quo, transactional leadership is a lot more conservative which also pays homage to respecting the institutions that are in place. In other words, leadership can be developed through only putting in p lace a bit of changes on the existing system without actually upsetting the existing framework which may be requiring quite a lot of time to overhaul it. Nonetheless, transformational leadership offers a very effective method that a manager can use to minimize problems. Self-confidence, self-esteem and self-determination portray are important aspects that should be identified in a leader and hence leadership should be pinned on the same. Such leadership will be primarily paying homage to the Great Man theory of leadership. Such existence means it is only such men who can be good enough for leadership positions (Kibbe, 2015). Encompassing all these aspects in the face of leadership means that individuals must be possessing the characteristics that sets them apart from the rest of the people. In essence, development of leadership is very challenging and this calls for heavy investment on the part of the theoretical approach that a person looks more favorable for his life and leadership platform (Van Mart, 2003). However, each particular theory as established in the paper has specific approach to leadership. Behavioral seeks for a change in an individual behavior pattern, traits theory calls for identifying those traits that are associated with leaders and changing them as well to suit the needs that are advocated by the followers (Proctor, 2004). The other theories are identical in their differences. For example, transformative model indicates a more change in the status quo but in the right in the direction while maintenance of the status quo is advocated for by the trancational theory for the chief reason of preventing the unsettling effect that it could put across. Nonetheless, it is still vital that development of leadership is recognized with regard to the leadership theories. References Margaret, J. (2003). Leadership style and its relationship to individual differences in personality, moral orientation and ethical judgment - a Ph.D. proposal. Of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 3(1/2), 104. Proctor, S I. (2004). Leadership: The skill most needed. Chemical Engineering Progress, 100(6), 52-57 VanWart, M. (2003). Public-sector leadership theory: An assessment. Public Administration Review, 63(2), 214-229 Kibbe, M. R. (2015). Leadership Theories and Styles. In Leadership in Surgery (pp. 49-57). Springer International Publishing. Cummings, G. G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Lee, H., Wong, C. A., Lo, E., Stafford, E. (2010). Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review. International journal of nursing studies, 47(3), 363-385. Odumeru, J. A., Ogbonna, I. G. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 355. De Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership= communication? The relations of leaders communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of business and psychology, 25(3), 367-380. Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual review of psychology, 60, 421-449.

bell jar Essays (705 words) - Julius And Ethel Rosenberg

The Bell Jar: A Coming of Age Story Every adolescent experiences the coming-of-age period differently. Some sail through this period with nothing more than a few bumps on the road where as others find it tremendously stressful and painful. The coming-of-age for Esther Greenwood in Sylvia Plath?s The Bell Jar is extremely challenging and at times, life-threatening. In her struggle, Esther contemplates suicide and makes several attempts to end her life. Even though The Bell Jar takes place in the 1950s does not mean that this book is outdated. What it has to say about adolescence, gender roles, identity, society, sex, and pressures to succeed remain particularly relevant today as much as they were back then. The journey through adolescence was as rocky in the 1950s as they are now. While not every adolescent is suffering from extreme depression and has suicidal thoughts, young girls and women can relate to Esther and her struggles with herself and how she fits into the world around her. Every teenage girl has that one thing about herself that she doesn?t like or had that one friend who was better than them is some aspect or other. In the beginning of the book, Esther tells the reader about her beautiful and witty friend Doreen. Doreen is beautiful in a way that Esther isn?t and therefore Doreen seems to get the men?s attention. ?Doreen looked terrific. She was wearing a strapless white lace dress zipped up over a snug corset affair that curved her in the middle and bulged her out again spectacularly above and below? In comparison to Doreen, Esther said that she herself looked like a boy and was ?barely rippled.? Girls can easily relate to the feeling of inferiority. Girls can also relate to the scene where Esther was a third-wheel. ?There is something demoralizing about watching two people get more and more crazy about each other, especially when you are the extra person in the room.? Identity is something all people will struggle with at least one point in their lives. The 1950s was an era of restrictions on women and social confusion of gender roles. In The Bell Jar, Esther faces many choices and decisions that deal with her future, and consequently, the rest of her life. Her lack of identity and her indecision causes her mental breakdown. Esther?s growing disconnection and uncertainty in life is portrayed when she says ?I felt like a race horse in a world without racetracks or a champion college footballer suddenly confronted by Wall Street and a business suit, his days of glory shrunk to a little gold cup on his mantel with a date engraved on it like a date on a tombstone.? Identity, pressures to succeed, and gender roles are still a huge source of frustration for adolescents. Many of us understand what it is like to not know what you want to do with your life. Women today still sometimes have to choose between a family and a career. Numerous college students do not know what career or major to choose. Countless people feel the overwhelming pressure to succeed and choose a path for themselves. These frustrations are shared with Esther. An example of this would be her metaphor of the fig tree. ?I saw my life branching out before me like the green fig tree in the story. From the tip of every branch, like a fat purple fig, a wonderful future beckoned and winked?.I saw myself sitting in the crotch of this fig tree, starving to death, just because I couldn?t make up my mind which of the figs I would choose. I wanted each and every one of them, but choosing one meant losing all the rest, and as I sat there, unable to decide, the figs began to wrinkle and go black, and, one by one, they plopped to the ground at my feet.? Another example is when she tells Buddy ?If neurotic is wanting two mutually exclusive things at one and the same time, then I'm neurotic as hell. I'll be flying back and forth between one mutually exclusive thing and another f or the rest of my days.?

Abolitionism essays

Abolitionism essays During the nineteenth century the United States of America was experiencing a period of transition. There were many attempts at reform to rebuild the nation and the issue of slavery was a major factor. Massachusetts born abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, played a huge part in trying to abolish slavery. There were also a quite a few black abolitionists in the North that played a role in the movement. Their philosophy, along with Garrisons, helped a lot in the movement to rid the country of slavery. William Lloyd Garrisons philosophy simply said, opponents of slavery should view the institution from the viewpoint of the black man, not the white slave owner. They should not, as earlier reformers had done, talk about the evil influence of slavery on white society; they should talk about the damage the system caused to blacks. And they should, therefore, reject gradualism and demand the immediate, unconditional, universal abolition of slavery. Another thing that bothered him was the mention of colonization. He believed that those who agreed with it were not emancipationists, but they were trying to strengthen slavery by ridding the country of blacks that were already free. He believed the only true way to get rid of slavery was to gives all blacks the rights of American citizenship. Garrison transformed abolitionism into a new phenomenon because earlier efforts rapidly lost strength and opposers of slavery had hit a dead end. There were a number of free blacks in the North who were victims of prejudice and mob violence in the cities. With all of the problems they faced, they kept in mind that they were still free. They used their freedom to aid others of the same race in the South who werent free. Many Northern blacks, in the 1830s, came to support Garrison. A free black man from Boston named David Walker, published an important pamphlet in 1892 called Walkers Appeal. The greatest orator ...

Create a strategy for the college of business in university of sharjah Term Paper

Create a strategy for the college of business in university of sharjah - Term Paper Example e areas that the university specializes in are entrepreneurship training, administration in business, research portfolio and a simulator in the financial market (University of Sharjah, 2014). A number of dynamics continue to arise in the teaching and learning environment not to mention the job market. The diversification requires that an elaborate plan be established to ensure that there is the institution is within in meeting the predetermined objectives (University of Sharjah, 2014). The university, therefore, seeks to establish itself as a world-class institution in business and management programs. To this end, there is a need to establish a strategic plan that will enable the institution becoming an organization of choice not just locally, but internationally (Sutton & Obst, 2011). To become an institution of choice where excellence is derived and dreams realized. The institution also seeks to produce the best business professionals to be able to satisfy the market needs as appropriate. An institution of learning where civilizations meet. One of the major drives is to be a world-class business university capable of attracting students and professionals from all over the world. The strategic positioning of the university makes it easy for the dream to be achieved. Make the university a professional hub where careers can be developed and skills developed. The University seeks to be the only institution where people can come and develop their skills and go out to the field confident of making an impact in the market. The institution also seeks to be a key consultant in matters concerning business and management strategies. Consulting services are to be made for every individual with particular interest in venturing into management or people who have a need to learn more about business issues. The business seeks to partner with other institutions to broaden the mandate of the university to providing quality services to the people and the clients in this case

Occupational Health and Safety Management (Part II only - Explaining Assignment

Occupational Health and Safety Management (Part II only - Explaining the accident) - Assignment Example The cleaner was working hurriedly due to the heavy workload and pressure that some water would splash on the floor. The waitress, while passing near Wong, slipped when she stepped on the slippery floor. The movements of the waitress caught the attention of Wong who abruptly glanced at her. Such sudden glance caused Wong to injure his fingers. The waitress is newly hired (reported for work on December 22nd) and was wearing heeled shoes when she slipped on the 24th of December. Just recently, the same waitress slipped in the kitchen and as she grabbed the working desk, a knife fell on the floor. The knife had been blunted, which is the same knife used by Wong. The kitchen has ventilation and sufficient lighting. The chef, assistant chef and the cleaner wore aprons and non-slippery shoes. The kitchen does not have slippery floor signage. Kitchen equipment and tools that become rusted or unusable should be properly disposed through a Disposal Form. From December 15 to 24, the cafe person nel were required to work for 11 hours a day. Therefore, at the time of the occurrence of the accident, all the staff were already fatigued and stressed due to extreme work demand. The degree of injury can be considered as a minor injury since the doctor advised Wong to take three days leave from work. Factors that Led to the Accident: Investigated and Not Identified by Manager A trail of occurrences had led to the happening of the accident. All the cafe personnel were fatigued and stressed due to overwork and pressure. The waitress was not wearing non-slippery shoes in the kitchen. The cleaner was carelessly washing the dishes that causes water splashes on the floor. She might also be negligently walking across the floor without taking notice of her surroundings. On the part of Wong, he naturally reacted to see what was happening or whether the waitress would fall toward him. While the waitress was carelessly walking across the floor, the cleaner was carelessly and negligently wash ing dishes; thus water that spilled on the floor made it slippery. The kitchen, although well lighted and ventilated, is not constructed properly. The sink where the dishes are washed should not be placed near the door but somewhere in the inner part of the kitchen, or the corner opposite the kitchen door. The current location of the sink really invites accidents and would be an obstruction to the movement of personnel in the kitchen. The main entrance to the kitchen should be free from any obstruction, either to the left or to the right after entering the kitchen. Although not mentioned in the incident report, the sink may be located on the left or the right side of the door. The door must be able to swing freely forward or backward. No signage was posted at conspicuous places inside the kitchen such as â€Å"Slippery Floor†, â€Å"Unauthorized Persons not Allowed†, â€Å"Always Wear Proper Kitchen Attire†, and several others. There is also inadequacy in the pr ocedure inside the kitchen. The waitress should not be allowed to approach the working area of the chef and assistant chef to get the food. The food ready to be served must be placed by the assistant chef at a place near the entrance of the door, but far enough so as not to cause an obstruction. In this manner, the waitress would not be disrupting the attention of the assistant chef

Communication Between People and Computers Essay

Communication Between People and Computers - Essay Example The action of the film is set in futuristic Los Angeles, in highly developed and technologically integrated and advanced society. Everything in the setting of the movie suggests that the audience faces the future society. First of all, it is a high level of technification: it seems that every person is very good with computers and has at least two devices, a smartphone at hand and a computer at home. Also, computers are really smart even compared to the latest developments people have today: they are controlled by voice, and their voice recognition functions are quite impressive. Finally, the level of integration of technology into human life does suggest the movie is set in the future. From what one sees on the screen, it is possible to draw the conclusion that it is the society, in which â€Å"anatomopolitics of the human body [†¦] and a regulatory pole centered on population with panoply of strategies concentrating on knowledge, control, and welfare† have been merged ( Rabinow 91). This is the world, in which people and technology are a unified whole and in which the traditional dichotomy of the society and technology does not work. In fact, it is the world where new understanding of people in regard to everything they made predominates. The way the city is shown also suggests that the movie is set in the future. More specifically, the streets are clean, and there is no dirt and trash there. People’s apartments as well as working space are bright, roomy, and various gadgets do not look like the modern ones.

Their Eyes Were Watching God | Analysis

Their Eyes Were Watching God | Analysis Hurstons â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† presents several themes such as speech and silence, love and marriage, and finally gender roles. Zora Neale Hurston does an outstanding job of instituting what men such as Joe Starks believed were the standard roles for the African American female. Hurston pertinently described Janie through her relationship with Joe, the metaphoric value of the mule, and her dialogue as a woman of strength, not concerned with the ideals of her white female counterparts, sitting up on a high chair and overlooking the world. Janie desired a greater purpose. In Hurstons â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†, men and women inhabit separate roles. Not only are the women portrayed as the more fragile sex, Hurston essentially defines them by their relationships to and with the men. Thus, marriage is paramount in this story. The message sent here is that women can and do only obtain power through marrying powerful or, at least, motivated men. By the use of tradition, women are limited to the confines of positions of piteousness, passiveness, domesticity, and of course as sexual objectivity. The men consistently silence the womens voices, limit their actions with proprietary notions and insult their appearance and sexuality. In contrasts, when the women exhibit any traditionally male characteristics such as authority, intelligence or ambition, men deem them as unattractive and masculine. The male characters set out to prove to their peers that they are masculine by showing their wives who is in charge. This was not always due to personal desire, but also by society and at large as well as environmental pressures. The author immediately introduces the female perspective. In â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†, Hurston celebrates Janie as an artist that enriches Eatonville and details her self-discovery. Without delay, on first page of the book, Hurston substantiates the contrast between men and women by initiating Janies quest to reach fruition of her own dreams and presaging the female quest theme throughout the remainder of the novel. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly (Their Eyes Were Watching 1). As a Black woman, Janie asserts herself beyond expectation and the persistence that she consistently shows characterizes her unrelenting quest for true love—the kind she dreamed of as a child. She is aware of her status in society, but is unwavering in her determination to disregard it. Anyone or anything attempting to encumber Janie from her mission for happiness annoys her. â€Å"So de white man throw down de load and tell de nigger man tuh pick it up. He pick it up because he have to, but he dont tote it. He hand it to his womenfolks. De nigger woman is de mule uh de world so fur as Ah can see, opines Janies grandmother in an attempt to justify the marriage that she has arranged for her granddaughter† (Their Eyes Were Watching 14). The excerpt founds the presence of the substandard status of women in this culture, a status that Janie must reverse, in some way, in order to surface as a heroine. Despite this obstacle, Janie refuses deterrence from attaining her dream. In â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†, Zora Neale Hurston reveals the importance of gender roles and their place in African American culture during the 1930s. In Chapter 6, Hurston displays the importance males exhibiting superiority their female partners and their attempts to force them into roles of subservience. In this chapter, Joe Starks attempts push Janie into a passive role by hushing her in conversations, physically abusing her in their home, and handling her as an item in his possession. The author establishes this early in the novel to serve as a catalyst for Janie to make the decision that her personal growth and development as a strong woman will only materialize when she escapes the mold into which Joe has forced her. Hurston exhibits that Janie should be allowed to have the right to do what white women do on a constant basis; perch on high stools on their porches while relaxing. â€Å"Everybody was having fun at the mule-baiting. All but Janie† (Their Eyes Were Watching 56) demonstrates the way Joe stresses that Janie give the impression that she is living the white womans dream of relaxing at home and being civilized, as that is the role dictated by her gender and because it promotes the his portrayal as a powerful leader of the town. Even when Janie pleads, â€Å"Taint nothin so important Ah got tuh do tuhday, Jody. How come Ah cant go long wid you tug de draggin-out?† (Their Eyes Were Watching 60) confirms her desire to abandon the preset, generalized roles of gender that women faced during this period. Janie wishes to forge her own path and do what brings her personal satisfaction as a woman and not what the perception of contentment is for all women. Janies idea of pleasure, ho wever, is not present in the old-fashioned roles that the women of the 1930s were expected to accept. Later in the chapter, we read, â€Å"Here he was just pouring honor all over her; building a high chair for her to sit in and overlook the world and she here pouting over it!† (Their Eyes Were Watching 62). Joe does not seem to grasp that satisfying Janie does not include giving her a life that mimics that of a white womans. Instead, Janie would rather immerse herself into her own culture, celebrating the essentials that are intrinsic to being a black woman. Unfortunately, Joe either cannot or will not fulfill this for her, thus she elects to entertain the company of Tea Cake, who seems to gain happiness from partaking in lifes simpler pleasures, such as singing, storytelling, dancing and fishing—including Janie in his activities. All the way through the novel, we continue to witness the outward display of the superiority that men feel over women. If their spouses do not obey or follow the strict roles of gender, it is commonplace for them to endure beatings, not unlike the mule in chapter six. Even something as small as an undesirable meal, could result in physical abuse. Many men believe that women are in need of guidance in every aspect of their lives, needing instructions for basic tasks on a consistent basis. This sentiment solidifies the belief of the male gender that their sex is greater and superior over women. Many men feel that women are completely ignorant and need men to tell them what to do all of the time; a sentiment that adds fuel to them feeling their gender is greater to their female counterpart. In chapter six Janie objects, â€Å"You sho loves to tell me whut to do, but Ah cant tell you nothin Ah see!† He responds, â€Å"Dats ‘cause you need tellin, It would be pitiful if Ah didnt. Somebody got to think for women and chillun and chickens and cows. I god, they sho dont think none theirselves† (Their Eyes Were Watching 71). Here, Joe alludes that women have brainpower akin to a chicken or clumsy cow and that they should embrace their roles as the lesser mate. Eventually, Janie escapes her traditional female mold of speaking only when spoken to and obeying mindlessly. She finally finds her voice at the end of chapter six when she says to Joe, â€Å"Sometimes God gits familiar wid us womenfolks to and talks His inside business. He told me how surprised He was†¦and how surprised yall is goin tuh be if you ever find out you dont know half as much ‘bout us as you think you do. Its so easy to make yoself out God Almighty when you aint got nothin tuh strain against but women and chickens† (Their Eyes Were Watching 75). Janie communicating with Joe in this fashion serves to inform Joe that she believes that God speaks to both sexes equally. She is standing up to the leader of the town. Janie wants Joe to understand that he is not the god of the town because she too can be in touch with God. In addition, she wants Joe to know that she is aware that his gender does not make him a supreme being over her or any woman. This marks a both an evolution and revolution for Janie as a character. We now begin to see her inner thoughts. She is now prepared to battle for her equality and liberation. By the chapters conclusion, we witness a woman refusing to allow men to continue to silence and demanding equal treatment. Janies metamorphosis from a passive woman to one wishing to take an active role in shaping the rights and duties of the female gender is established. â€Å"She knew now that marriage did not make love. Janies first dream was dead, so she became a woman† (Their Eyes Were Watching 24). No longer afraid to challenge her grandmothers staunch expectations, Janie realizes that her grandmothers archaic views of the role of women as pathetic and weak beings with the inability to survive without male protection—even with the absence of love in the relationship, represent boundaries on her full potential. She loathed her grandmother. â€Å"†¦ Nanny had taken the biggest thing God ever made, the horizon† (Their Eyes Were Watching 85-86). Still, Janie is undaunted and follows her to follow her instincts, including leaving her first husband and marrying her second one, in the absence of a divorce. â€Å"Janie hurried out of the front gate and turned south. Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her good† (Their Eyes Were Watching 31). The blather and gossip that permeates her small town when she takes a younger man and leaves with him, after being left a widow following the death of her second husband, does not hinder her path even slightly. The happiness she finds in her relationship with Tea Cake is that much sweeter as she has made the decision to go through it alone. Janies moment of personal triumph is â€Å"Discovering the two things everybodys got to do fuh theyselves,† (Their Eyes Were Watching 183). â€Å"They got tuh go tuh God, and they got to find out about livin fuh theyselves,† are the sentiments Janie shares at the end of her journey (Their Eyes 183). Hurston has depicted a female character as an evolving heroine, an architect of her own destiny, and one who has a full grasp on navigating the voyage to self-awareness. Says Mary Helen Washington in the Foreword of Their Eyes Were Watching God, â€Å"†¦for most Black women readers discovering Their Eyes for the first time, what was most compelling was the figure of Janie Crawford powerful, articulate, self-reliant, and radically different from any woman character they had ever before encountered in literature. Janie Crawford is defiant; she defies men, but most importantly, she defies our own preconceived notions of what the role of an African-American woman should be in modern literature.† The definitions and roles of gender for both male and female characters were clear in the 1930s. Janie is symbolic of many women today in her refusal to accept the preconceptions about her duties and abilities. In the 21st century, the majority of men have learned, though some reluctantly, to accept and appreciate the equal abilities and thoughts of modern women and Hurston had the foresight to give women a voice that had previously been silent in literature.

nuclear bomb history :: essays research papers

The United States stored nuclear weapons in 27 countries and territories around the globe during the Cold War, according to "Where They Were," the cover story in the November/December issue of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The article, by three noted nuclear weapons analysts, is based upon a newly declassified Pentagon history released under a Freedom of Information Act request originally filed in 1985. During the Cold War, 18 sovereign nations and nine former or current American territories or possessions hosted U.S. nuclear weapons. Today, the United States is the only nuclear power that deploys nuclear weapons overseas. U.S. bombs remain stationed in Belgium, Britain, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey. "We can now fill in many gaps in the history of the arms race and the Cold War," says Robert S. Norris, a Natural Resources Defense Council senior analyst and a co-author of the article. "Until now, there has never been official information on where, when, and what kinds of nuclear weapons were deployed overseas, and finally we have authoritative information about their presence in such surprising places as Japan, Greenland, Iceland and Taiwan." The authors also found that during the peak years in the early 1970s, the United States had more than 7,000 nuclear weapons in NATO countries in Europe, and more than 2,000 on land in the Pacific. A variety of naval vessels, including aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates and attack submarines, routinely carried another 3,000 nuclear weapons. Altogether, the United States deployed 38 types of nuclear weapon systems abroad. Germany was home for 21 U.S. weapon systems, which were first installed in 1955. Guam hosted 20 types and the Japanese island of Okinawa, while under U.S. occupation, hosted 19. William M. Arkin, a co-author of the article, points out that while historians knew that nuclear weapons were stored in some countries, they were unaware about others and knew nothing of the details. The Pentagon document, he says, fundamentally revises post-war nuclear history. "There isn’t a nuclear analyst alive who didn’t believe that the first U.S. nuclear weapons deployed overseas were sent to Britain," he says. "Now we know they actually went to Morocco first." Arkin also is the co-author of "Nuclear Battlefields" (1985), the first book to document the worldwide nuclear infrastructure. "Where they Were" is based upon the formerly top secret study, "History of the Custody and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons: July 1945 through September 1977," which was prepared by the Office of the Secretary of Defense in 1978.

Benefits of Being Vegetarian Essay

In the last decade, we have witnessed an explosion of scientific knowledge that has made more information available to humanity than in all previously recorded history. Due to the dedicated research of scientists and doctors, we now understand more than ever before about our physical body and what measures promote good health. As more evidence is coming to light about the beneficial effects of maintaining a vegetarian diet, the number of vegetarians around the world is steadily on the rise. Throughout history, many great philosophers, mystics, saints, and enlightened thinkers have recognized the value of vegetarianism. It is only recently that science has confirmed the views on vegetarianism explained by these great people. More and more people are realizing that this diet can increase the health and well-being of our body, mind, soul, and the planet. Books, journals, magazines, and newspaper articles have published research on the health benefits of a vegetarian diet. Doctors and nutritionists widely recommend that people reduce their consumption of meat, high-fat foods, and eggs as a health measure. They encourage the increased use of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains in one’s diet to cut down on cholesterol in the body and to minimize the risks of heart attacks, high blood pressure, strokes, and cancer. The results of medical findings have already had a far-reaching impact on the food and restaurant industries. We find more foods are being produced without animal products. If we look back even twenty years, a vegetarian eating at a restaurant hardly had any choices offered on the menu. Today, we can find a variety of delicious vegetarian dishes at most restaurants. Natural food stores and vegetarian restaurants abound in most cities. Even large grocery chain stores carry a large variety of vegetarian foods. Those who carefully consider the advantages of vegetarianism will see that the quality of their life and health can be greatly improved on such a diet. Longtime vegetarians have testified to the changes they experienced when they gave up meat. Many have reported that they felt more energetic, not only physically, but also mentally. Animals that do not eat meat, such as the elephant, the horse, the mule, and the ox, are known for their great strength and endurance. Having more stamina, vegetarians tend to exhibit improved efficiency and concentration in their physical as well as intellectual work. There is an expression, â€Å"You are what you eat.† In countries of the East where vegetarianism has been the diet for thousands of years, people recognize that whatever they eat forms a part of their body and also influences their 1 thoughts. They believe that if they eat the flesh of an animal that the mental and emotional vibrations or characteristics of the animal will form a part of their own nature. Today, science is researching the effect that our own stress hormones have on our body and the damage that long-term stress does to our organs. Imagine eating animals whose last days or minutes of life on earth were drenched with the hormones released in their state of fear they were in when they were about to be slaughtered. Those who eat meat are ingesting not only the flesh, but all the hormones of stress that are released due to the animal’s fear as well. Thus, many people brought up in the traditions of the East prefer to live on plant foods, which are more conducive to mental equipoise. Many enlightened beings, saints, mystics, and spiritual teachers have traditionally advocated a vegetarian diet for spiritual and moral reasons. For those pursuing a spiritual path, a vegetarian diet is essential for several important reasons. First, spiritual teachers have always taught that we are more than just a body and a mind; we are also soul. They have also taught people the process of meditation to help rediscover our true nature as soul. To help gain proficiency in the spiritual practices, vegetarianism is a helping factor. To be able to concentrate in meditation, we need to be calm and collected. If we eat the flesh of dead animals, our own consciousness will be affected. In the East, vegetarianism has been considered essential to spiritual development. Spiritual teachers promote a life of nonviolence. Helping factors for spiritual growth include developing the ethical virtues of nonviolence, truthfulness, purity, humility, and selfless service. The vegetarian diet is a natural by-product of nonviolence, in which no harm is done to any living creature. That is why saints through the ages have recommended a vegetarian diet, avoiding meat, fish, fowl, and eggs. Vegetarianism also improves the health of the planet. Ecologists and environmentalists are concerned about protecting the living creatures on earth. Environmentalists have pointed out that one solution to the problem of food shortages is better utilization of our resources. For example, the amount of grain needed to feed one cow to provide meat for one person could feed many times that number of people. Ecologists have also shown that raising cattle and processing meat requires much more fuel, water, and energy than is used to produce grains and vegetables. Vegetarianism is one effective means of conserving our vital resources. People around the world are becoming more enlightened and concerned about obtaining the highest quality of life. They are more interested in solving the mysteries of the universe and more keen to find personal fulfillment and lasting happiness. We are simultaneously concerned about the welfare of our global community and the preservation of our planet. How we maintain the health of our body, mind, soul, and planet is a choice each has to make. A balanced vegetarian diet will result in improved health and fitness, greater mental equipoise, and higher spiritual attainment. Following the vegetarian diet can help us achieve the health and purity of our body, mind, soul, and planet. We will not only be contributing to peace for ourselves and all life, but we will also be doing our part toward making Planet Earth a haven of joy and peace. Being a vegetarian can help us attain a healthier body, mind, soul, and planet. Along with this, we can augment our well-being through meditation. Vegetarianism prepares the groundwork for the health of body, mind, and soul. Meditation can add to our overall health by reducing stress to our body and mind, and can put us in touch with the soul. If we sit in meditation we can take steps towards a healthier state of well-being.  © Copyright S.K. Publications For more information: www.sos.org 3

Ethics Auditing Essay Example

Ethics Auditing Essay Example Ethics Auditing Paper Ethics Auditing Paper Ethics Auditing: Identify the benefits and limits of ethics auditing. Is there a strategic role that ethics auditing may play in a company? Ethics Auditing By definition, an ethics audit is a â€Å"systematic evaluation of an organization’s ethics program and/or performance to determine its effectiveness. † (1) This concept of ethics auditing is fairly new and few companies have conducted an ethics audit. However, performing such audits will likely become more mainstream as recent legislation encourages greater ethical accountability for companies to demonstrate they are abiding by the law and have established programs to improve their ethical decision making. The U. S. Sentencing Commission (the â€Å"Commission) has amended the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (â€Å"FSGO†) whereby an effective compliance and ethics program must â€Å"exercise due diligence to prevent, detect, and report criminal conduct and otherwise promote an organizational culture that encourages ethical conduct and a commitment to compliance with all applicable law. (2) The Commission noted there are seven minimum requirements of an effective ethics program: (1) Standards and procedures to prevent and detect criminal conduct; (2) Responsibility at all levels of the program, together with adequate program resources and authority for its managers; (3) Due diligence in hiring and assigning personnel to positions with substantial authority; (4) Communicating standards and procedures, including a specific requirement for training at all levels; (5) Monitoring, auditing, and non-retaliatory internal guidance/reporting systems, including periodic evaluation of program effectiveness; (6) Promotion and enforcement of compliance and ethical conduct; and (7) Taking reasonable steps to respond appropriately and prevent further misconduct upon detecting a violation. These requirements should be addressed through the ethics audit. Framework for an Ethics Audit In addition to the requirements noted by the Commission, there are many different questions that can be addressed by an ethics audit. How broad should the audit be? How often should the audit be performed? How will the company communicate the results with its constituencies? As each company has unique needs, each ethics audit should be unique. An example of a framework for an ethics audit is detailed below(4). Companies can adapt this framework to their own needs and circumstances. Step 1: Secure Commitment of Top Managers and Board of Directors As noted in the class slides, â€Å"a corporation only acts through those who act for it and it is the latter who must assume responsibility for the corporation. † (3) Essentially, management and the board of directors are responsible for the direction of a corporation. If there is no commitment from the top levels of a corporation, it is very unlikely that an audit would be successful. Step 2: Establish a Committee to Oversee the Ethics Audit The committee should consist of members who are knowledgeable about ethics auditing and come from various departments. In most cases, companies may not have internal employees that have the skill set to serve on an ethics audit committee. In such circumstances, external consultants, such as the Ethics Resource Center, can be used to assist with the audit. Step 3: Define the Scope of the Audit Process As mentioned above, each organization is unique and therefore, the scope of an ethics audit will differ from company to company. The committee should establish a scope based on the company’s risks and how those risks will be addressed. The committee should then monitor the progress of the audit based on the scope defined. Step 4: Review Organizational Mission, Values, Goals and Policies and Define Ethical Priorities In this step, the committee should examine and review all of the company’s policies, procedures and practices related to any areas defined in the scope of the audit process. All of these items may or may not be stated in the company’s mission statement. In some cases, the committee may find areas where policies need to be established and procedures updated. An effective ethics audit should review all these areas and assess their strengths and weaknesses. Step 5: Collect and Analyze Relevant Information This step is the where the majority of the audit work will take place. The committee should review internal and external documents and more importantly, gather employee, customer and stakeholder feedback through surveys. As employees are the key to carrying out an effective ethics program and to successful business operations, gathering and understanding their feedback is crucial. Customer and stakeholder perception of the company is also critical, so collecting their thoughts and opinions will help to create and maintain customer satisfaction and uphold stakeholder expectations. Step 6: Verify the Results The results collected in Step 5 should then be verified by an independent source. The independent assessment will verify the quality, accuracy and completeness of the audit. Having a third party verify this information will also offer an extra layer of assurance to external constituents. Step 7: Report the Findings The final step of the process is to report the findings to management and the board of directors through an ethics audit report. The report should outline all six steps discussed above and identify what the committee discovered throughout the process. In some cases, the findings may be more meaningful if combined with some benchmarking of similar companies in the industry. Such benchmarking is available through the OCEG Benchmarking Study that discusses best practices across industries. Benefits of Ethics Audits There are many reasons companies go through the process detailed above and perform an ethics audit. In some cases, management may simply want to comply with the FSGO or the board of directors may encourage compliance with these guidelines. From a business perspective, the auditing process can highlight trends, improve organizational learning and facilitate communication and working relationships (5). Internally, companies are able to assess their current policies and possibly find ways to increase efficiency in its operations. Additionally, the buzz word in the business world today is â€Å"transparency†. An ethics audit is one way to provide employees, customers and stakeholders with greater transparency. Many constituents have become wary of verbal assurances from companies. An ethics audit is verified by a third party and thus, seems to carry more weight than internal communication from management. Limits of Ethics Audits While the benefits of performing an ethics audit may be many, there are also some limitations. Many people interchange the words â€Å"ethics† and â€Å"integrity†. How do you measure the integrity or ethics of an organization? It is certainly not as easy to measure integrity as it is to measure financial performance. Financial performance can be quantified while integrity and ethics are the subjective aspects of a company’s culture. Models such as Six Sigma, the Balanced Scorecard and the Triple Bottom Line have been developed to capture structural and behavioral organizational ethical performance (6). However, these models likely will involve external consultants, which can prove to be costly to an organization. Additionally, ethics audits could uncover an issue that, when reported, could hurt employee, customer or stakeholder relations. This could also lead to public scrutiny. Strategic Role of Ethics Auditing Ethics auditing can be an important piece of the strategic direction of a company. The ethics audit can prove to be a useful management tool in helping a company to identify important initiatives and improvements. By identifying such initiatives, companies can prioritize its resources to focus on such ideas. The ethics audit can also help companies to fulfill their mission statements and identify areas where improvement of operating practices may be needed. In summary, and perhaps most importantly, the auditing process can demonstrate the positive impact of ethical conduct and convince constituents of the value of adapting more ethical and socially responsible business practices (7). Reference Page Cited Materials: (1) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, Eighth Edition, p. 243 (2) Ethics Resource Center, FSGO, Part 2 Article: thics. org/resource/fsgo-series-part-2 (3) Corporate Governance Social Responsibility Class Slides, 9/26/2011 (4) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, Eighth Edition, p. 252 (5) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, Eighth Edition, p. 245 (6) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, Eighth Edition, p. 248 (7) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, Eighth Edition, p. 265

Like a Cloud essays

Like a Cloud essays Like a cloud, the Wiraqochas, the white men demanding gold, invaded us After seizing our father Inca; After deceiving him, they put him to death. He with the heart of a puma, the adroitness of a fox, they killed as if he were a llama. Hail fell, lightening struck, the sun sank, night came. And in their terror, the elders and the people buried themselves alive. Author unknown. Although some believe that the Europeans had nothing to do with the downfall of the first nation people, I believe that the Europeans contact with the first nations was to their detriment because they stole from the first nations people, they destroyed the first nations peoples land, and they filled their villages with disease. First of all, the Europeans stole from the first nations people. They would come over to their land and take gold, and furs. They would trade alcohol for furs. Their theory behind this was to get the first nations people hooked on alcohol and get them drunk enough so they wouldnt realize what the Europeans were doing to their land and how many things they were taking. The Europeans were so rough that they would kill the first nation peoples that wouldnt give them the things they wanted. If they wanted someones watch, and he wouldnt give it to them, the Europeans would cut of the hand and soak it in boiling water until the watch would slide off easily. Even to this day, the Europeans are digging up old first nations burials looking for gold. I think that this is very disrespectful to the first nation peoples. Secondly, they destroyed the first nation peoples land. An example was when the Spanish came into the Incas land and destroyed it all in their pursuit to find gold and silver. Another example of how the Europeans wrecked the first nation peoples land was in 1971, in James Bay, the Europeans built a hydro electric steam building on Cree land. In Columbia the I...

Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communications - Essay Example However, photographing something appropriates the object as well. In comparison and contrast to documenting the past and linking it to the present and future through words, photography has a lesser manipulative element, leading to better expectations of authenticity. Photographs are not necessarily statements about the world as much as they are pieces of the world itself, miniatures of reality that is accessible to all. Photographs have become a constant means of experimentation, at the hands of the earlier artists who tried to use it as an effective medium, of the modern consumerist specialists and of those who document history and culture through them. The best means to popularize and preserve photographs is through publishing them in a book. But this would restrict the option to order them in accordance with the viewer’s preference. It also leads to a situation where quality time is not spent on viewing them, or where they are discarded altogether. Using photographs innovatively for the public was carried out by the movie Si j’avais quatre by Chris Marker. But the problem with such films is that they don’t provide photographs as collectibles. Since photographs furnish evidence, it had been used for political purposes as well. The Paris police has used photographic evidence in the murderous roundup of Communards. Photographs also justify an act, providing proof that it has happened. The relation photographs have to reality is more innocent and accurate than other mimetic objects. While painting and prose are narrowly selective interpretation, photography can be considered narrowly selective transparency. However, the elements of taste and conscience attribute an interpretative aspect to photographs. When someone aspired to attain a specific mood or message through photographs, the photographer’s view is transposed to the object photographed. Photography differs from painting due to its utilitarian aspect. In the early

Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Philosophy of Education - Essay Example Understanding students allow the teacher to know their capability and inability that will enable him address their needs effective. The definition that best fits education is Plato’s perspective. Plato views education as process of getting the prisoner out of the cave and empowering his with the skill that will enable him go for fellow prisoner left in the cave. This view illustrates the concept in all aspect prove what it should refill in an individual and the importance of the transformed individual to the society and the country at large. Eric’s comparison off education with value also draws my attention (John, 1693). According to him, education like value and irreproachable character cannot be realized by punishing or reward because when the reward will not be promised the student will not perform. This paper covers my theory of education, pedagogy, social and political component of education. After going through such elaborate and detailed experience in Plato’s parable and other issues, Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics and philosopher’s release, I now believe education is beyond the dictionary definition I knew. I view a student as volcano with the capability of erupt but lacking a trigger to induce the eruption. In my understanding, I consider education to as a trigger that can induce this objective. Every individual has the dream to attain; however, their potential may not be realized if the individual lacks the right information and if the imparting techniques employed in delivering this information right. I fully agree with Plato’s view of education. His description of education in his article Line and cave captures all the whole process of education in accurate and visual way than could be met by any definition. His view of education as getting a prisoner out of the cave prison, and empowering him with the right information, which will enable hi m go back and lift other prisoner effectively cover

Workers in the African countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Workers in the African countries - Essay Example Growth performance of African countries of 1970s and 1990s had been unimpressive. The empirical literature is still inconclusive. Importance of measuring the output per worker growth that is connected with per worker physical and human capital lies in assessing political changes, technology improvement and social upheavals. It also shows at times, that even in countries with higher economic growth, trends could be reversing. Main factor that affects all levels of economy is the targeted level of development. Financial liberalization is supposed to stimulate higher savings rate and higher interest rates on those savings, leading to higher capital growth. The level of real income plays the most important part in savings, especially in poor countries. Naturally as income increases, savings rate too increases, with comfortable spending power. Empirical research done in the field shows that for sub-Saharan Africa to achieve 5.3 per cent GDP growth, to reach the point where savings rate could be comfortable, it would require 18 years. Though a lot is done in this field, further empirical research has to be done on priority basis. Current research stops after showing that African savings and interest rates are linked with low-income rate and very few government policies exist to encourage savings. In the last two decades, Nigeria, Rwanda, Kenya and Sudan suffered capital flight of 60%, while other African countries suffered a lesser 40%. Many African top officials were presumed to have huge foreign currency accounts in other continents and chances are remote of its being reinvested in Africa. "A difficult question is what African governments can do to obtain the repatriation of those funds, and how the countries in which the accounts are held can be persuaded to be of assistance." http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Publications/ESPD/economic_report_1999.htm Foreign direct investment flow to Africa is not stupendous and to create higher savings rate this has to be increased. Migration of skilled labour out of Africa had been another deterrent. Migration is motivated usually because of low investment in transport, infrastructure, energy and communication. Africa has to expand its investment, growth and productivity to stimulate savings rate. African countries are politically and socially unstable and this does not create an atmosphere conducive to attract investments. But it is heartening to note that from 1994 to 1998, Africa showed positive GDP growth in spite of unfavourable global conditions. "To test whether or not Africa has built a critical mass of momentum towards sustained, poverty-reducing growth requires the use of multiple evaluation criteria. Unfortunately, comprehensive, Africa-specific composite indices needed for this purpose are not available," http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Publications/ESPD/economic_report_1999.htm Savings rate usually depends on capabilities, aspirations, functions and peculiar constraints of the region and might be helped with a policy evaluation by the Governments. African Governments, most of the time, are fighting for their own survival and this leaves with insufficient elbow space for economic measures. This failure leads to non-accumulation of future growth, and hence, future welfare. This might result in lack of education, unemployment and low worker output. People's choices get highly curtailed with very few future opportunities, leaving generations to come in

The Effect of Media on Men and Women Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Media on Men and Women Essay In the past decade, media has become a lifestyle for most of America. Our lives are being shaped on and around the influence of whatever the media is saying we should live and act. Ever since the media has managed to work its way into our culture, it has had the largest influence on society. Everyone has started to use the media as a trend-setter that tells us what is popular and what is not. This can be a major problem in society today because this influence is too heavy and pushes people to think they are not important and have no purpose in life. This effect on men and women has been very negative in the sense that it is degrading to people to try to be something they cannot really be. Negativity brought on by the media is consistently seen throughout sports, fashion and advertisement worlds. And although media has brought man negative things, it has also brought some positive influences to society, some would argue, in politics and other areas women can be seen excelling in. In addition, it has been shown to have a positive effect on men when exemplary men are on TV or in the print media. The world today has brought media into everything we do, including sports, which would make sense with it because they are nationally televised. Women have always been at the low end of the spectrum when it comes to sports. They hardly have any professional sport that’s constantly being shown outside of the Olympics. The top two that come to mind are women’s basketball and golf. The media is the sports casting network and has nearly shut down any mention of these sports at all. Sports networks such as ESPN and Sportscenter focus on the male sports of that season usually baseball, basketball, or football. Occasionally other sports are highlighted, but rarely a woman’s sport. The media has so much influence in women’s sports that since no one wants to watch women play sports, they don’t allow them to have professional leagues. A study was done by the Women’s Sports Foundation that showed that about 6% to 8% of total media coverage is devoted to women’s athletics, and about 3.5% of articles are written for female athletes (Cassel). This negative effect is constantly seen and heard by women in the sports world and they still have to fight to get these opportunities for women’s sports. This also is reflected in college where women are mostly still ignored. The Women’s Sports Foundation said that males get $179 million more in scholarship money than women (Cassel). This is extremely unfair. Because of the lack of interest in women’s sports in America, women get less of an opportunity to perform as they do in men’s sports. The media can also have a negative effect not only on women, but also on men. In today’s society, everyone tries to have a certain appearance that they have seen on television and that they think will somehow make them look better. Media makes us want to become something we’re not and follow what’s trending. They make us think that if we have these certain look or live up to a certain behavior, all will be perfect, and we can have all the attention, but we find that we fail to live up to those expectations. This goal we seek is impossible to reach because these models or actors have professional coaches, makeup artists, writers, and staff to help them be who we think they are. It is common to see women get the worst because of their insecurity regarding their bodies. They try to compare their bodies to the models that have been photoshopped or are not even real, but yet, they will never reach their goal. These pressures by the media that cause insecurity in women lead them to do crazy things. These changes can be small, like dying their ha ir, or something more drastic like anorexia. The South Carolina Department of Mental Health showed in studies that about 1% of women deal with anorexia which doesn’t seem like a lot but it’s a lot more than it seems (Steele). It is also very common to see girls starting to diet at very young ages, like nine years old with about 40% of them admitting that they do (Seele). These girls aren’t even in middle school, and yet they are worried they’ll become ugly and fat. Women however aren’t the only ones affected by this appearance problem. Men are affected tremendously as well. Men sometimes become very insecure about themselves if they don’t have enough muscle or a six-pack. It doesn’t have as much of a drastic effect on males, but it still affects some of them. Another negative effect on men is that it causes them to try to make the prettiest girl theirs (N.p). The problem with that is that sometimes women can be put down because they don’t think they have the right look. Th is is a huge factor in today’s society and hopefully it will change, but at least not all things in the media are bad. Although the media has had a heavy influence of negativity on society, it has brought some positivity to society. Women have lately been gaining more and more equality to men in society in many areas. Women have been able to engage in a lot more things, such as politics. Women like Hilary Clinton and Sarah Palin have been stepping out and having a say in what goes on in politics. This is great for women to see happening because it encourages them to strive to have a voice rather just to allow only men to have a say. Media has been encouraging women to step out and have a say. Media has also affected men in a positive way as well as, if not more than women. Men don’t have the same view as women when it comes to the media telling them a certain way to look. Studies are showing that when men see the media on ways they should look, they take it and try to use it as a motivation like (N.p.). For example when they see the public image of a muscular guy with a six-pack, they take it as a challenge and try to work to obtain those results. This is where women typically are different in the studies. They take media coverage in a negative way and get upset about it. However, it is very rare to have positive influence from the media; it can still have a negative effect on people. Media has become a large part of society today and is most influential to the nation as a whole. Many people shape their lives based on how the media tells them to. This has been negatively impacting the population as a whole, and many would agree it’s doing more harm than good. With the media being so important to our lives, it should start becoming more positive in order to encourage men and women, rather than to degrade them. Works Cited Cassel, Jean. â€Å"Gender Discrimination in Sports.† Livestrong. np. 19 June. 2011. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. â€Å"How Do Negative Body Images in the Media Impact Women? Physical and Mental Effects.† Hubpages. np. 6 June. 2011. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. â€Å"Media Images of Female Models Have Negative Effect on Men.† News-medical. Np. 7 Nov. 2008. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. Steele, Melisa. â€Å"National Statistics for Anorexia.† teen-beauty-tips. np. nd. Web. 23 Sept. 2012.

Becel Margarine Case Analysis Essay -- Business Marketing Case Becel E

Becel Margarine Case Analysis I. Executive Summary Becel needs to adjust their promotional efforts to address both a heart healthy and great tasting product, while expanding their target market to the twenty-five and above demographic. Becel’s current customers are largely empty nester households where the customers tend to be affluent with high incomes and over sixty-five years of age. By adjusting their promotional efforts to address both a heart healthy and great tasting product, Becel will be able to meet the needs of the twenty-five and above demographic. Becel’s strengths include a strong reputation as a leader in heart health and nutrition education, being the premium priced margarine, and the highest consumer loyalty of any margarine category. Among some of the weaknesses of Becel are lack of a strong presence in Western Canada, not positioned as great tasting, and a low advertising awareness. Opportunities include the consideration of health and taste when selecting margarine, selling in bulk quantity to large family households, and increased awareness of health issues. Canola Harvest positioning their margarine as the healthiest and best tasting and offering it at a lower price, competitors gaining market share at a faster rate than Becel, and regulations on the margarine category are among the threats facing Becel. Three alternatives were developed to help solve Becel’s problem. â€Å"Run Canada, Run† portrays Becel as the margarine that is geared towards a heart-healthy lifestyle. â€Å"Body by Becel† conveys how Becel can help you lose weight and stay healthy. â€Å"Now We’re Cooking with Becel† demonstrates how Becel can be used in a variety of healthy, day-to-day recipes. Innovative Solutions’ educated recommendation is â€Å"Now We’re Cooking With Becel†. This will allow Becel to expand their target market, while promoting their product as heart healthy and great tasting. By implementing this recommendation, Becel will have the opportunity to create a competitive advantage and gain market share. II. Introduction Unilever was formed in 1930 when British soap maker Lever Brothers merged with the Dutch company Margarine Unie. This merger â€Å"allowed both companies to benefit from many raw materials and resources that they had in common† (Kerin and Robertson 600). Unilever Canada is a division of the international Unilever group, headed by two paren... ... BUDGET â€Å"Now We’re Cooking With Becel.† Cos Cost of production $2000 X 2 Commercials $4,000.00 Commercial Placement Costs Food Network (11months, 14 spots/wk at $232.13 each) $142,992.08 CBC Quebec, (10 months, 10 spots/wk $200) $80,000.00 CBC Western (10 months, 10 spots/week $170 ) $68,000.00 Sponsorship of Cooking Thin television show (negotiable) $1,000,000.00 Total $1,294,992.08 Works Cited Canadian Broadcasting Corporation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.cbc.ca Chum Limited Media  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.chumlimited.com Nielsen’s Canada  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:5qd-mM60xAUJ:www.digital-adventure.com/pdf/TVLNielsens_4thQtr_BCAdult.pdf+food+network+canada+rank&hl=en Weight Watchers Canada  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.walmar.com Food Network Canada  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.foodtv.ca The world Fact book http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ca.html#Geo Information from these sources as well: http://www.hackcanada.com/canadian/other/adbusters.html  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.dietfacts.com/html/items/17014.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://thesoydailyclub.com/Food/becel01072003.asp http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/profiles/food_supermarkets/unilever/Unilever-profile.rtf

Undoing Stereotypes in the Movie, Dances With Wolves Essay examples --

Undoing Stereotypes in the Movie, Dances With Wolves Hollywood has helped create and perpetuate many different stereotypical images of the different races in the world. Those stereotypes still continue to affect the way we think about each other today and many of those stereotypes have been proven to be historically inaccurate. The movie Dances With Wolves, directed by actor Kevin Costner, does an excellent job in attempting to promote a greater acceptance, understanding, and sympathy towards Native American culture, instead of supporting the typical stereotype of Native Americans being nothing but brutal, blood thirsty savages. The film Dances With Wolves focuses mainly on one man named Jon Dunbar and his growing relationship with the Lakota Sioux Indian tribe. The Lakota Sioux Indian tribe migrated in the 1700's to different areas in South Dakota. For over one hundred and sixty years, the Lakota tribe held a massive piece of land in the plains to support their numerous herds of bison, which they also hunted in order to survive. They lived in the typical teepees and were exceptional horsemen, hunters, and warriors. They culture contained no written language and their heritage was trusted upon storytellers and drawings made on the bison hides. One bison hide could represent over fifty years of Lakota history. The film, Dances With Wolves, was very cleverly written in my opinion. For most of the introduction, before John Dunbar begins to get friendly with the Sioux Indians, you are given an emotional expression of hatred and dislike towards the Native American Indians as they are slowly introduced into the script. There were a few scenes of brutality and savagery that triggered these emotions. For example, there was a... ...ed along with many soldiers of the U.S. 7th cavalry at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on December 29, 1890. As the years went on, many of the Indian tribes began to die away due to the lack of food, and the harsh winter conditions. I believe that Dances With Wolves did an excellent job of undoing the stereotypes that have been given to the Indians. Through this movie we realize that they did what they had to do in order to survive and provide for their family. They did what any other person would have done if they were put into the same situations. This movie did help us to understand, accept, and sympathize with the Indians. I hope that we as a people truly learn to observe a culture or a race before they actually start to criticize or stamp stereotypes on them. Works Cited: www.cabrillo.com.cc.ca.us www.wsws.org/arts/1998/jun1998/afi-j18.shtml      

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty-seven

Sansa In the tower room at the heart of Maegor's Holdfast, Sansa gave herself to the darkness. She drew the curtains around her bed, slept, woke weeping, and slept again. When she could not sleep she lay under her blankets shivering with grief. Servants came and went, bringing meals, but the sight of food was more than she could bear. The dishes piled up on the table beneath her window, untouched and spoiling, until the servants took them away again. Sometimes her sleep was leaden and dreamless, and she woke from it more tired than when she had closed her eyes. Yet those were the best times, for when she dreamed, she dreamed of Father. Waking or sleeping, she saw him, saw the gold cloaks fling him down, saw Ser Ilyn striding forward, unsheathing Ice from the scabbard on his back, saw the moment . . . the moment when . . . she had wanted to look away, she had wanted to, her legs had gone out from under her and she had fallen to her knees, yet somehow she could not turn her head, and all the people were screaming and shouting, and her prince had smiled at her, he'd smiled and she'd felt safe, but only for a heartbeat, until he said those words, and her father's legs . . . that was what she remembered, his legs, the way they'd jerked when Ser Ilyn . . . when the sword . . . Perhaps I will die too, she told herself, and the thought did not seem so terrible to her. If she flung herself from the window, she could put an end to her suffering, and in the years to come the singers would write songs of her grief. Her body would lie on the stones below, broken and innocent, shaming all those who had betrayed her. Sansa went so far as to cross the bedchamber and throw open the shutters . . . but then her courage left her, and she ran back to her bed, sobbing. The serving girls tried to talk to her when they brought her meals, but she never answered them. Once Grand Maester Pycelle came with a box of flasks and bottles, to ask if she was ill. He felt her brow, made her undress, and touched her all over while her bedmaid held her down. When he left he gave her a potion of honeywater and herbs and told her to drink a swallow every night. She drank it all right then and went back to sleep. She dreamt of footsteps on the tower stair, an ominous scraping of leather on stone as a man climbed slowly toward her bedchamber, step by step. All she could do was huddle behind her door and listen, trembling, as he came closer and closer. It was Ser Ilyn Payne, she knew, coming for her with Ice in his hand, coming to take her head. There was no place to run, no place to hide, no way to bar the door. Finally the footsteps stopped and she knew he was just outside, standing there silent with his dead eyes and his long pocked face. That was when she realized she was naked. She crouched down, trying to cover herself with her hands, as her door began to swing open, creaking, the point of the greatsword poking through . . . She woke murmuring, â€Å"Please, please, I'll be good, I'll be good, please don't,† but there was no one to hear. When they finally came for her in truth, Sansa never heard their footsteps. It was Joffrey who opened her door, not Ser Ilyn but the boy who had been her prince. She was in bed, curled up tight, her curtains drawn, and she could not have said if it was noon or midnight. The first thing she heard was the slam of the door. Then her bed hangings were yanked back, and she threw up a hand against the sudden light and saw them standing over her. â€Å"You will attend me in court this afternoon,† Joffrey said. â€Å"See that you bathe and dress as befits my betrothed.† Sandor Clegane stood at his shoulder in a plain brown doublet and green mantle, his burned face hideous in the morning light. Behind them were two knights of the Kingsguard in long white satin cloaks. Sansa drew her blanket up to her chin to cover herself. â€Å"No,† she whimpered, â€Å"please . . . leave me be.† â€Å"If you won't rise and dress yourself, my Hound will do it for you,† Joffrey said. â€Å"I beg of you, my prince . . . â€Å" â€Å"I'm king now. Dog, get her out of bed.† Sandor Clegane scooped her up around the waist and lifted her off the featherbed as she struggled feebly. Her blanket fell to the floor. Underneath she had only a thin bedgown to cover her nakedness. â€Å"Do as you're bid, child,† Clegane said. â€Å"Dress.† He pushed her toward her wardrobe, almost gently. Sansa backed away from them. â€Å"I did as the queen asked, I wrote the letters, I wrote what she told me. You promised you'd be merciful. Please, let me go home. I won't do any treason, I'll be good, I swear it, I don't have traitor's blood, I don't. I only want to go home.† Remembering her courtesies, she lowered her head. â€Å"As it please you,† she finished weakly. â€Å"It does not please me,† Joffrey said. â€Å"Mother says I'm still to marry you, so you'll stay here, and you'll obey.† â€Å"I don't want to marry you,† Sansa wailed. â€Å"You chopped off my father's head!† â€Å"He was a traitor. I never promised to spare him, only that I'd be merciful, and I was. If he hadn't been your father, I would have had him torn or flayed, but I gave him a clean death.† Sansa stared at him, seeing him for the first time. He was wearing a padded crimson doublet patterned with lions and a cloth-of-gold cape with a high collar that framed his face. She wondered how she could ever have thought him handsome. His lips were as soft and red as the worms you found after a rain, and his eyes were vain and cruel. â€Å"I hate you,† she whispered. King Joffrey's face hardened. â€Å"My mother tells me that it isn't fitting that a king should strike his wife. Ser Meryn.† The knight was on her before she could think, yanking back her hand as she tried to shield her face and backhanding her across the ear with a gloved fist. Sansa did not remember failing, yet the next she knew she was sprawled on one knee amongst the rushes. Her head was ringing. Ser Meryn Trant stood over her, with blood on the knuckles of his white silk glove. â€Å"Will you obey now, or shall I have him chastise you again?† Sansa's ear felt numb. She touched it, and her fingertips came away wet and red. â€Å"I . . . as . . . as you command, my lord.† â€Å"Your Grace,† Joffrey corrected her. â€Å"I shall look for you in court.† He turned and left. Ser Meryn and Ser Arys followed him out, but Sandor Clegane lingered long enough to yank her roughly to her feet. â€Å"Save yourself some pain, girl, and give him what he wants.† â€Å"What . . . what does he want? Please, tell me.† â€Å"He wants you to smile and smell sweet and be his lady love,† the Hound rasped. â€Å"He wants to hear you recite all your pretty little words the way the septa taught you. He wants you to love him . . . and fear him.† After he was gone, Sansa sank back onto the rushes, staring at the wall until two of her bedmaids crept timidly into the chamber. â€Å"I will need hot water for my bath, please,† she told them, â€Å"and perfume, and some powder to hide this bruise.† The right side of her face was swollen and beginning to ache, but she knew Joffrey would want her to be beautiful. The hot water made her think of Winterfell, and she took strength from that. She had not washed since the day her father died, and she was startled at how filthy the water became. Her maids sluiced the blood off her face, scrubbed the dirt from her back, washed her hair and brushed it out until it sprang back in thick auburn curls. Sansa did not speak to them, except to give them commands; they were Lannister servants, not her own, and she did not trust them. When the time came to dress, she chose the green silk gown that she had worn to the tourney. She recalled how gallant Joff had been to her that night at the feast. Perhaps it would make him remember as well, and treat her more gently. She drank a glass of buttermilk and nibbled at some sweet biscuits as she waited, to settle her stomach. It was midday when Ser Meryn returned. He had donned his white armor; a shirt of enameled scales chased with gold, a tall helm with a golden sunburst crest, greaves and gorget and gauntlet and boots of gleaming plate, a heavy wool cloak clasped with a golden lion. His visor had been removed from his helm, to better show his dour face; pouchy bags under his eyes, a wide sour mouth, rusty hair spotted with grey. â€Å"My lady,† he said, bowing, as if he had not beaten her bloody only three hours past. â€Å"His Grace has instructed me to escort you to the throne room.† â€Å"Did he instruct you to hit me if I refused to come?† â€Å"Are you refusing to come, my lady?† The look he gave her was without expression. He did not so much as glance at the bruise he had left her. He did not hate her, Sansa realized; neither did he love her. He felt nothing for her at all. She was only a . . . a thing to him. â€Å"No,† she said, rising. She wanted to rage, to hurt him as he'd hurt her, to warn him that when she was queen she would have him exiled if he ever dared strike her again . . . but she remembered what the Hound had told her, so all she said was, â€Å"I shall do whatever His Grace commands.† â€Å"As I do,† he replied. â€Å"Yes . . . but you are no true knight, Ser Meryn.† Sandor Clegane would have laughed at that, Sansa knew. Other men might have cursed her, warned her to keep silent, even begged for her forgiveness. Ser Meryn Trant did none of these. Ser Meryn Trant simply did not care. The balcony was deserted save for Sansa. She stood with her head bowed, fighting to hold back her tears, while below Joffrey sat on his Iron Throne and dispensed what it pleased him to call justice. Nine cases out of ten seemed to bore him; those he allowed his council to handle, squirming restlessly while Lord Baelish, Grand Maester Pycelle, or Queen Cersei resolved the matter. When he did choose to make a ruling, though, not even his queen mother could sway him. A thief was brought before him and he had Ser Ilyn chop his hand off, right there in court. Two knights came to him with a dispute about some land, and he decreed that they should duel for it on the morrow. â€Å"To the death,† he added. A woman fell to her knees to plead for the head of a man executed as a traitor. She had loved him, she said, and she wanted to see him decently buried. â€Å"If you loved a traitor, you must be a traitor too,† Joffrey said. Two gold cloaks dragged her off to the dungeons. Frog-faced Lord Slynt sat at the end of the council table wearing a black velvet doublet and a shiny cloth-of-gold cape, nodding with approval every time the king pronounced a sentence. Sansa stared hard at his ugly face, remembering how he had thrown down her father for Ser Ilyn to behead, wishing she could hurt him, wishing that some hero would throw him down and cut off his head. But a voice inside her whispered, There are no heroes, and she remembered what Lord Petyr had said to her, here in this very hall. â€Å"Life is not a song, sweetling,† he'd told her. â€Å"You may learn that one day to your sorrow.† In life, the monsters win, she told herself, and now it was the Hound's voice she heard, a cold rasp, metal on stone. â€Å"Save yourself some pain, girl, and give him what he wants.† The last case was a plump tavern singer, accused of making a song that ridiculed the late King Robert. Joff commanded them to fetch his woodharp and ordered him to perform the song for the court. The singer wept and swore he would never sing that song again, but the king insisted. It was sort of a funny song, all about Robert fighting with a pig. The pig was the boar who'd killed him, Sansa knew, but in some verses it almost sounded as if he were singing about the queen. When the song was done, Joffrey announced that he'd decided to be merciful. The singer could keep either his fingers or his tongue. He would have a day to make his choice. Janos Slynt nodded. That was the final business of the afternoon, Sansa saw with relief, but her ordeal was not yet done. When the herald's voice dismissed the court, she fled the balcony, only to find Joffrey waiting for her at the base of the curving stairs. The Hound was with him, and Ser Meryn as well. The young king examined her critically, top to bottom. â€Å"You look much better than you did.† â€Å"Thank you, Your Grace,† Sansa said. Hollow words, but they made him nod and smile. â€Å"Walk with me,† Joffrey commanded, offering her his arm. She had no choice but to take it. The touch of his hand would have thrilled her once; now it made her flesh crawl. â€Å"My name day will be here soon,† Joffrey said as they slipped out the rear of the throne room. â€Å"There will be a great feast, and gifts. What are you going to give me?† â€Å"I . . . I had not thought, my lord.† â€Å"Your Grace,† he said sharply. â€Å"You truly are a stupid girl, aren't you? My mother says so.† â€Å"She does?† After all that had happened, his words should have lost their power to hurt her, yet somehow they had not. The queen had always been so kind to her. â€Å"Oh, yes. She worries about our children, whether they'll be stupid like you, but I told her not to trouble herself.† The king gestured, and Ser Meryn opened a door for them. â€Å"Thank you, Your Grace,† she murmured. The Hound was right, she thought, I am only a little bird, repeating the words they taught me. The sun had fallen below the western wall, and the stones of the Red Keep glowed dark as blood. â€Å"I'll get you with child as soon as you're able,† Joffrey said as he escorted her across the practice yard. â€Å"If the first one is stupid, I'll chop off your head and find a smarter wife. When do you think you'll be able to have children?† Sansa could not look at him, he shamed her so. â€Å"Septa Mordane says most . . . most highborn girls have their flowering at twelve or thirteen.† Joffrey nodded. â€Å"This way.† He led her into the gatehouse, to the base of the steps that led up to the battlements. Sansa jerked back away from him, trembling. Suddenly she knew where they were going. â€Å"No,† she said, her voice a frightened gasp. â€Å"Please, no, don't make me, I beg you . . . â€Å" Joffrey pressed his lips together. â€Å"I want to show you what happens to traitors.† Sansa shook her head wildly. â€Å"I won't. I won't.† â€Å"I can have Ser Meryn drag you up,† he said. â€Å"You won't like that. You had better do what I say.† Joffrey reached for her, and Sansa cringed away from him, backing into the Hound. â€Å"Do it, girl,† Sandor Clegane told her, pushing her back toward the king. His mouth twitched on the burned side of his face and Sansa could almost hear the rest of it. He'll have you up there no matter what, so give him what he wants. She forced herself to take King Joffrey's hand. The climb was something out of a nightmare; every step was a struggle, as if she were pulling her feet out of ankle-deep mud, and there were more steps than she would have believed, a thousand thousand steps, and horror waiting on the ramparts. From the high battlements of the gatehouse, the whole world spread out below them. Sansa could see the Great Sept of Baelor on Visenya's hill, where her father had died. At the other end of the Street of the Sisters stood the fire-blackened ruins of the Dragonpit. To the west, the swollen red sun was half-hidden behind the Gate of the Gods. The salt sea was at her back, and to the south was the fish market and the docks and the swirling torrent of the Blackwater Rush. And to the north . . . She turned that way, and saw only the city, streets and alleys and hills and bottoms and more streets and more alleys and the stone of distant walls. Yet she knew that beyond them was open country, farms and fields and forests, and beyond that, north and north and north again, stood Winterfell. â€Å"What are you looking at?† Joffrey said. â€Å"This is what I wanted you to see, right here.† A thick stone parapet protected the outer edge of the rampart, reaching as high as Sansa's chin, with crenellations cut into it every five feet for archers. The heads were mounted between the crenels, along the top of the wall, impaled on iron spikes so they faced out over the city. Sansa had noted them the moment she'd stepped out onto the wallwalk, but the river and the bustling streets and the setting sun were ever so much prettier. He can make me look at the heads, she told herself, but he can't make me see them. â€Å"This one is your father,† he said. â€Å"This one here. Dog, turn it around so she can see him.† Sandor Clegane took the head by the hair and turned it. The severed head had been dipped in tar to preserve it longer. Sansa looked at it calmly, not seeing it at all. It did not really look like Lord Eddard, she thought; it did not even look real. â€Å"How long do I have to look?† Joffrey seemed disappointed. â€Å"Do you want to see the rest?† There was a long row of them. â€Å"If it please Your Grace.† Joffrey marched her down the wallwalk, past a dozen more heads and two empty spikes. â€Å"I'm saving those for my uncle Stannis and my uncle Renly,† he explained. The other heads had been dead and mounted much longer than her father. Despite the tar, most were long past being recognizable. The king pointed to one and said, â€Å"That's your septa there,† but Sansa could not even have told that it was a woman. The jaw had rotted off her face, and birds had eaten one ear and most of a cheek. Sansa had wondered what had happened to Septa Mordane, although she supposed she had known all along. â€Å"Why did you kill her?† she asked. â€Å"She was godsworn . . . â€Å" â€Å"She was a traitor.† Joffrey looked pouty; somehow she was upsetting him. â€Å"You haven't said what you mean to give me for my name day. Maybe I should give you something instead, would you like that?† â€Å"If it please you, my lord,† Sansa said. When he smiled, she knew he was mocking her. â€Å"Your brother is a traitor too, you know.† He turned Septa Mordane's head back around. â€Å"I remember your brother from Winterfell. My dog called him the lord of the wooden sword. Didn't you, dog?† â€Å"Did I?† the Hound replied. â€Å"I don't recall.† Joffrey gave a petulant shrug. â€Å"Your brother defeated my uncle Jaime. My mother says it was treachery and deceit. She wept when she heard. Women are all weak, even her, though she pretends she isn't. She says we need to stay in King's Landing in case my other uncles attack, but I don't care. After my name day feast, I'm going to raise a host and kill your brother myself. That's what I'll give you, Lady Sansa. Your brother's head.† A kind of madness took over her then, and she heard herself say, â€Å"Maybe my brother will give me your head.† Joffrey scowled. â€Å"You must never mock me like that. A true wife does not mock her lord. Ser Meryn, teach her.† This time the knight grasped her beneath the jaw and held her head still as he struck her. He hit her twice, left to right, and harder, right to left. Her lip split and blood ran down her chin, to mingle with the salt of her tears. â€Å"You shouldn't be crying all the time,† Joffrey told her. â€Å"You're more pretty when you smile and laugh.† Sansa made herself smile, afraid that he would have Ser Meryn hit her again if she did not, but it was no good, the king still shook his head. â€Å"Wipe off the blood, you're all messy.† The outer parapet came up to her chin, but along the inner edge of the walk was nothing, nothing but a long plunge to the bailey seventy or eighty feet below. All it would take was a shove, she told herself. He was standing right there, right there, smirking at her with those fat wormlips. You could do it, she told herself. You could. Do it right now. It wouldn't even matter if she went over with him. It wouldn't matter at all. â€Å"Here, girl.† Sandor Clegane knelt before her, between her and Joffrey. With a delicacy surprising in such a big man, he dabbed at the blood welling from her broken lip. The moment was gone. Sansa lowered her eyes. â€Å"Thank you,† she said when he was done. She was a good girl, and always remembered her courtesies.